LEO: Literacy Education Online APA Electronic Media

Examples of documentation for the most common types of electronic media are illustrated in this document.

However, you might need to use a reference for a source which is not listed on this web page. In such a case, look over the general form given in the document APA: General Guidelines or refer to the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (Fifth Edition, Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 2001). Choose the example that is most like your source and follow that format.

 

Publication on CD-ROM	Online Report	Article in an Online Newspaper	Online Interview
Article from Conference Proceedings on a Website	Article in an Online Journal	Online Review	Online Posting to Listserv or Newsgroup
Professional Website	Article in an Online Magazine	Online Editorial	Email
Online Book	Article in an Online Newsletter	Online Letter to the Editor	Online Synchronous Communication

Publication on CD-ROM

Anderson, D., R. Cavalier, & P. K. Covey. A right to die: The Dax Coward case

[CD-ROM]. (1996). London: Routledge.

 

Go to the top of the page

Article from Conference Proceedings on a Website

Hjelsvold, R., & S. Vdaygiri. Web-based personalization and management of interactive

video. Proceedings of the Tenth International World Wide Web Conference,

1–5 May 2001, Hong Kong. WWW10. Retrieved July 19, 2001, from

http://www20.org/cdrom/papers/405/index.html

 

Go to the top of the page

Professional Website

International Association of Business Communicators. (2000). IABC. [Online].

Retrieved January 13, 2001, from http://www.iabc.com/homepage.htm

 

Go to the top of the page

Online Book

Machiavelli, N. (1909). The Prince. (N. H. Thomson, Trans.) New York: P.F.

Collier & Son. [Online]. Bartleby.com: Great Books Online. Retrieved

August 5, 2001, from http://www.bartleby.com/36/1/

 

Go to the top of the page

Online Report

Hauswirth, M. (2000, November 12). A reference architecture for push systems.

[Online]. Technical Report TUV-1841-98-05. Technical University of Vienna,

Information Systems Institute, Distributed Systems Group. Retrieved January 18,

2001, from http://www.infosys.tuwien.ac.at/Staff/pooh/papers/ PushArch/

 

Go to the top of the page

Article in an Online Journal

Wigand, R.T., & R. I. Benjamin. (1995). Electronic commerce: Effects on electronic

markets. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [Online]. Retrieved

November 20, 2000, from http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol1/ issue3/wigand.html

 

Go to the top of the page

Article in an Online Magazine

Schneider, C. (2001, July 21). The Goodwill Games: How to tackle FASB's new merger

rules." CFO.com [Online]. Retrieved October 17, 2001, from http://www.cfo.com/FASBguide

 

Go to the top of the page

Article in an Online Newsletter

Deus, L., & M. Maybury. (1998, June). MITRE evaluates collaborative tools for defense

information infrastructure. The Edge: The MITRE Advanced Technology Newsletter

2(1) Retrieved August 3, 1999, from http://www.mitre.org/pubs/edge/june_98/

 

Go to the top of the page

Article in an Online Newspaper

Banerjee, N., & A. C. Revkin. (2001, July 21). OPEC leaders indicate they are set to cut

output again. The New York Times on the Web [Online]. Retrieved August 14, 2001,

from http://www.nytimes.com/archives

 

Go to the top of the page

Online Review

Kerr, S. (2001, July 22). "Looking for history": A subtle observer of Latin America. [Review

of the book Looking for History by A. Guillermoprieto.] The New York Times on the

Web [Online]. Retrieved September 2, 2001, from http://www.nytimes.com/archives

 

Go to the top of the page

Online Editorial

Labaton, S. (2001, July). Head of S.E.C. aims to simplify agency's regulations [Editorial].

The New York Times on the Web [Online]. Retrieved July 20, 2001, from

http://www.nytimes.com/2001/07/19/business/19CND-SECURE.html

 

Go to the top of the page

Online Letter to the Editor

Hatchl, S. (2001, July 17). Campaign Reform [Letter to editor]. latimes.com [Online].

Retrieved July 19, 200,1 from http://latimes.com/news/opinion/la-

00005853jul17.story?coll=la%Dnews%2Dcomment%2Dopinions

 

Go to the top of the page

Online Interview

Lockwood, A. T. (2001, May 2). Community collaboration and social capital: An

interview with Gary G. Wehlage. [Interview with Gary G. Wehlage]. Leaders

for Tomorrow's Schools. [Online]. Retrieved July 19, 2001, from

http://www.ncrel.org/cscd/pubs/lead21/2-1m.htm

 

Go to the top of the page

Online Posting to Listserv or Newsgroup

Fanderclai, T. (2000, September 13). MOO ports and Napster lockdown. Message

posted to TechRhet discussion list, archived at http://www.egroups.com/group/TechRhet

 

Go to the top of the page

Email

Personal communications, including email, are considered nonrecoverable; data that is not recoverable is cited in the text only, not in the reference list. (See APA In-text Citations.)

Go to the top of the page

Online Synchronous Communication

APA recommends that electronic communication that is not persistent and therefore nonrecoverable be treated as personal communication and cited in-text only.

Go to the top of the page

The website for the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association is located at http://www.apastyle.org/, and information about citing electronic sources is available at http://www.apastyle.org/elecref.html.